文獻出處：Regier, J. C., Mitter, C., Solis, M. A., Hayden, J. E., Landry, B., Nuss, M., Simonsen, T. J., Yen, S.-H., Zwick, A. and Cummings, M. P. (2012), A molecular phylogeny for the pyraloid moths (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea) and its implications for higher-level classification. Systematic Entomology. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2012.00641.x [摘要]
簡介
螟蛾總科為鱗翅目最大的總科之一，全球約有15684個已描述種，其中包含了重要的農業/森林害蟲、生物防治媒介與試驗研究的模式物種，然而此總科內部之親緣關係過去尚未釐清。本篇文章利用分子親緣研究重建此總科內部關係，並依此評估與過去形態為主的親緣假說間的差異性。材料方法上選取42個包含於螟蛾/草螟科科級內21個亞科級中的18個的分類群作為內群，抽取5個主要的核基因序列(6633個鹼基對)，此外再選取其中21個內群與24個外群擴增基因序列至14個來作親緣分析。
結果顯示：
(1) 由最大概似分析法獲得ㄧ主要節點具高支持度的親緣關係樹 (83%節點具80以上bootstrap值)；
(2) 螟蛾科內所有亞科枝系具90%以上高支持度，其關係與過去形態研究僅些微差異，大致關係為 Galleriinae + Chrysauginae (斑螟亞科 (螟蛾亞科 + 聚螟亞科))。Chrysauginae之內部關係仍待釐清，而過去較少被研究的澳洲特有屬則被視為Galleriinae + Chrysauginae甚至是整個螟蛾科的基群；
(3) 草螟科內部枝系雖然多被高度支持，然而與過去提出的假說有衝突。在新提出的關係中主要分為"溼生棲地"枝系，包含水螟亞科、沙螟亞科與Midilinae，以及第二個枝系"芥花油"枝系(暫稱)，包含了Glaphyriinae, Evergestinae與Noordinae，此支系已知幼蟲取食十字花科植物，作者並將Evergestinae與Noordinae視為Glaphyriinae之同物異名，過去將Dichogaminae視為Glaphyriinae同物異名的處理亦被支持。此外野螟亞科與斑野螟亞科各別被確認為單系群，並互為姊妹枝系，而過去僅包含ㄧ屬(Niphopyralis)的Wurthiinae亞科雖然具有特殊幼蟲居住於蟻巢內的行為，然而在此篇文章的研究中僅視為斑野螟亞科的ㄧ個分枝，因此將Wurthiinae視為斑野螟亞科(Spilomelinae)之同物異名。
Abstract
Pyraloidea, one of the largest superfamilies of Lepidoptera, comprise more than 15 684 described species worldwide, including important pests, biological control agents and experimental models. Understanding of pyraloid phylogeny, the basis for a predictive classification, is currently provisional. We present the most detailed molecular estimate of relationships to date across the subfamilies of Pyraloidea, and assess its concordance with previous morphology-based hypotheses. We sequenced up to five nuclear genes, totalling 6633 bp, in each of 42 pyraloids spanning both families and 18 of the 21 subfamilies, plus up to 14 additional genes, for a total of 14 826 bp, in 21 of those pyraloids plus all 24 outgroups. Maximum likelihood analyses yield trees that, within Pyraloidea, differ little among datasets and character treatments and are strongly supported at all levels of divergence (83% of nodes with bootstrap ≥80%). Subfamily relationships within Pyralidae, all very strongly supported (>90% bootstrap), differ only slightly from a previous morphological analysis, and can be summarized as Galleriinae + Chrysauginae (Phycitinae (Pyralinae + Epipaschiinae)). The main remaining uncertainty involves Chrysauginae, of which the poorly studied Australian genera may constitute the basal elements of Galleriinae + Chrysauginae or even of Pyralidae. In Crambidae the molecular phylogeny is also strongly supported, but conflicts with most previous hypotheses. Among the newly proposed groupings are a ‘wet-habitat clade’ comprising Acentropinae + Schoenobiinae + Midilinae, and a provisional ‘mustard oil clade’ containing Glaphyriinae, Evergestinae and Noordinae, in which the majority of described larvae feed on Brassicales. Within this clade a previous synonymy of Dichogaminae with the Glaphyriinae is supported. Evergestinae syn. n. and Noordinae syn. n. are here newly synonymized with Glaphyriinae, which appear to be paraphyletic with respect to both. Pyraustinae and Spilomelinae as sampled here are each monophyletic but form a sister group pair. Wurthiinae n. syn., comprising the single genus Niphopyralis Hampson, which lives in ant nests, are closely related to, apparently subordinate within, and here newly synonymized with, Spilomelinae.
