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2010年7月11日 星期日
2010年2月17日 星期三
中國產塘水螟之分類學檢討
Figures 4-18. Adults (male and female if examined) of (4), (5) E. interruptalis; (6), (7) E. nymphaeata; (8), (9) E. difflualis; (10), (11) E. nigralbalis; (12), (13) E. manilensis; (14), (15) E. turbata; (16), (17) E. fengwhanalis; (18) E. orientalis.
Figures 19-30. Adults (male and female if examined) of (19), (20) E. sinicalis; (21), (22) E. miurai; (23), (24) E. nigrolinealis; (25) E. roesleri; (26), (27) E. separatalis; (28), (29) E. radiospinula sp. n.; (30) E. nuda sp. n.文獻來源: Chen F, Wu C, Xue D. 2010. A review of the genus Elophila Hubner, 1822 in China (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Acentropinae). Aquatic Insects 32(1): 35-60.
Abstract
Fifteen species of the genus Elophila Huumlbner are recognised from China, including two new species described herein, namely E. radiospinula and E. nuda. The species E. melagynalis (Agassiz, 1978) from Fujian Province was a misidentification of Thysanoidma octalis Hampson, 1891 and its record in China is abolished. The species E. manilensis (Hampson, 1917), E. orientalis (Filipjev, 1933) and E. miurai Yoshiyasu, 1985 are reported for the first time in China. Descriptions of the genus and subgenera and a key to the Chinese species of Elophila are provided. The adults and the genital structures of all examined species are illustrated.
2009年12月10日 星期四
[新書]河南昆蟲誌 鱗翅目 螟蛾總科
[書名] 河南昆蟲誌 鱗翅目 螟蛾總科[作者] 李後魂 任應黨
[年代] 2009
[出版] 科學出版社, 北京
[規格] 440 頁 (含19彩色圖版+77黑白圖版)
[內容簡介] 介紹了國際螟蛾總科最新分類系統，根據實際標本記述河南螟蛾總科昆蟲2科12亞科146屬277種。首次報導了黑基櫛角斑螟Ceroprepesa tribasilaris和雙斑暗斑螟Euzophera albipunctella的雄性個體，建立1個新異名（雙突槌須斑螟Trisides bisignata Walker，1863 = Apomyelois fasciatella Inoue，1982nov.syn.）和2個新組合黃斑鐮翅野螟Circobotys butleri（South，1901）comb.nov.，黃絨野螟Crocidophora auratalis (Warren, 1895) comb. nov.
2009年7月2日 星期四
雄蛾會對親戚減少精子的投資
photo by Patrick C..Animal Behaviour
Volume 77, Issue 6 , June 2009, Pages 1547-1550
產生精子需付出代價、而雄性經常藉由調整射精以最大化他們的生殖成功率。先前研究顯示雄性對於雌性品質的變異是敏感的，為了精子競爭的風險與活力，雄性會依據情形調節其射精量。許多物種的雌性和雄性之間對交配對象與自己的親戚關係是敏感的，且或許會完全放棄與血緣關係相近個體交配已避免付出近親雜交的代價。此外，在一妻多夫關係下的物種，雌性具有運用交配後的機制以避免使用到雄性親戚的精子；然而，目前並未有研究顯示雄性也可以在生殖細胞的層次上分辨並避免雌性親戚。作者在此以印度穀螟蛾（Plodia interpunctella）為對象的研究中發現，與提供精子給雄性的姊妹相比，雄性提供較多可孕與不可孕的精子給無血緣關係的雌性。這些結果指出雄蛾可藉由針對交配對象的血緣關係管理其有限的精子，以減少發生在近親雜交上的生殖投資。
Sperm production carries costs and males frequently tailor their ejaculates to maximize their reproductive success. Previous work shows that males are sensitive to variation in female quality, and to the risk and intensity of sperm competition, and adjust their ejaculates accordingly. Males and females of many species are sensitive to the relatedness of their mating partners and may forego mating with related individuals altogether to avoid the costs of inbreeding. In addition, in polyandrous species, females can potentially invoke postcopulatory mechanisms to avoid using related males' sperm, but to date no study has demonstrated that males also discriminate against related females at the level of the gamete. In this study on the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella, males provided unrelated females with more fertile and nonfertile sperm than their sisters. These results indicate that male moths can minimize the potential costs of inbreeding by carefully managing their limited sperm supplies in relation to partner relatedness.
Keywords: inbreeding; Indian meal moth; Plodia interpunctella; sexual selection; sperm; strategic sperm allocation
Sperm production carries costs and males frequently tailor their ejaculates to maximize their reproductive success. Previous work shows that males are sensitive to variation in female quality, and to the risk and intensity of sperm competition, and adjust their ejaculates accordingly. Males and females of many species are sensitive to the relatedness of their mating partners and may forego mating with related individuals altogether to avoid the costs of inbreeding. In addition, in polyandrous species, females can potentially invoke postcopulatory mechanisms to avoid using related males' sperm, but to date no study has demonstrated that males also discriminate against related females at the level of the gamete. In this study on the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella, males provided unrelated females with more fertile and nonfertile sperm than their sisters. These results indicate that male moths can minimize the potential costs of inbreeding by carefully managing their limited sperm supplies in relation to partner relatedness.
Keywords: inbreeding; Indian meal moth; Plodia interpunctella; sexual selection; sperm; strategic sperm allocation
2009年6月12日 星期五
由雄蟲合生毛刷特徵進行斑螟類親緣關係與比較形態學研究
Phylogenetic utility and comparative morphology of the composite scale brushes in male phycitine moths (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae)
Thomas J. Simonsen and Amanda D. Roe
Zoologischer Anzeiger 248 (2009): 119–136
鱗翅目形態中一般所稱的毛刷 (hair brushes)、毛筆器 (hair pencil)與發香鱗(androconial scales)等特徵，在不同總科類群中多次的出現，其類型與繁複程度、分佈部位皆有所不同，也因而造成此類特徵在命名上的混淆與爭議。
雖然過去不少親緣關係的研究經常選用此類特徵進行形態親緣重建的特徵，然而相較其應用於系統發生學，此類特徵的同源性、組織學與功能形態學的討論顯得少且不完整。
作者Simonsen (註一) 與 Roe是兩位加拿大亞伯達省大學生物科學系的研究員，研究方向著重於鱗翅目螟蛾科類群之系統發生。在此篇文章選用了佔螟蛾科2/3物種數的斑螟亞科(Phycitinae)中的Dioryctria屬(台灣共3種)，來討論高多樣性的第八腹節合生毛刷(composite hair brushes)在超微結構(ultrastructural)、總體形態(gross morphology)與相關且複雜的鄰近腺體組織的同源性，並映像(mapping)此類特徵至Dioryctria屬分子親緣關係樹後，所得到結果的演化意義。
研究方法中，作者使用掃描式電子顯微鏡(SEM)作特徵的觀察與呈現，而非傳統形態所利用的光學或解剖顯微鏡；此外，作者選用了粒線體COI與COII序列，並使用最簡約法(maximum parsimony)進行親緣關係重建，而非一般分子親緣樹重建上所使用的最大概似法(maximum likelihood)或貝葉氏機率(Baysian probability)。
結果方面，作者將此類合生毛叢器特徵再映像至分子樹上，可支持Dioryctria屬的單系性，然而在特徵狀態上具有多次的轉換，也就是屬內特徵狀態具有趨同演化的結果，但當中的樹型分佈卻可支持屬內某些種群(species groups)的單系性。而作者也利用所獲得的結果來闡述結合各種層級特徵的評估可對斑螟亞科的演化關係在未來提供豐富的資訊；最後作者也提到使用掃描式電子顯微鏡而非光學或解剖顯微鏡來分析超微結構，可獲得更多且為3D的立體結構特徵。
註一 Thomas Simonsen的個人介紹
Abstract
Zoologischer Anzeiger 248 (2009): 119–136
鱗翅目形態中一般所稱的毛刷 (hair brushes)、毛筆器 (hair pencil)與發香鱗(androconial scales)等特徵，在不同總科類群中多次的出現，其類型與繁複程度、分佈部位皆有所不同，也因而造成此類特徵在命名上的混淆與爭議。
雖然過去不少親緣關係的研究經常選用此類特徵進行形態親緣重建的特徵，然而相較其應用於系統發生學，此類特徵的同源性、組織學與功能形態學的討論顯得少且不完整。
作者Simonsen (註一) 與 Roe是兩位加拿大亞伯達省大學生物科學系的研究員，研究方向著重於鱗翅目螟蛾科類群之系統發生。在此篇文章選用了佔螟蛾科2/3物種數的斑螟亞科(Phycitinae)中的Dioryctria屬(台灣共3種)，來討論高多樣性的第八腹節合生毛刷(composite hair brushes)在超微結構(ultrastructural)、總體形態(gross morphology)與相關且複雜的鄰近腺體組織的同源性，並映像(mapping)此類特徵至Dioryctria屬分子親緣關係樹後，所得到結果的演化意義。
研究方法中，作者使用掃描式電子顯微鏡(SEM)作特徵的觀察與呈現，而非傳統形態所利用的光學或解剖顯微鏡；此外，作者選用了粒線體COI與COII序列，並使用最簡約法(maximum parsimony)進行親緣關係重建，而非一般分子親緣樹重建上所使用的最大概似法(maximum likelihood)或貝葉氏機率(Baysian probability)。
結果方面，作者將此類合生毛叢器特徵再映像至分子樹上，可支持Dioryctria屬的單系性，然而在特徵狀態上具有多次的轉換，也就是屬內特徵狀態具有趨同演化的結果，但當中的樹型分佈卻可支持屬內某些種群(species groups)的單系性。而作者也利用所獲得的結果來闡述結合各種層級特徵的評估可對斑螟亞科的演化關係在未來提供豐富的資訊；最後作者也提到使用掃描式電子顯微鏡而非光學或解剖顯微鏡來分析超微結構，可獲得更多且為3D的立體結構特徵。
註一 Thomas Simonsen的個人介紹
Abstract
Male pyralid moths in the subfamily of Phycitinae are known to possess composite scale brush structures associated with the 8th abdominal sternite, but the histology and the structural morphology of these organs have not been adequately explored. As such, the phylogenetic utility of these structures is unknown. We examine the pre-genitalic abdominal histology of male Dioryctria reniculelloides (Pyralidae: Phycitinae) associated with the composite scale brushes, as well as structural morphology within the genus Dioryctria and two closely related genera. The composite scale brushes are composed of fused scales. The musculature associated with the base of sternum 8 shows considerable modification compared to previously described Lepidoptera. Complex glandular tissue was also found associated with the scale brush structures, suggesting secretory function. Phylogenetic utility of ultrastructure and gross morphology was examined for major Dioryctria species groups. Many characters were homoplasious, but several supported the monophyly of the genus, as well as some internal relationships. In conclusion, the combination of ultrastructural, gross morphological and histological characters can be a rich source of information for elucidating a range of evolutionary relationships within the subfamily.
Keywords: Dioryctria; Phylogeny; Ultrastructure; Histology; Homology
2009年2月4日 星期三
雄性求偶聲在一種螟蛾族群中反應基準之變異：關於求偶場所的解釋
本圖片由basalstreaker上載至flickr Reaction Norm Variants for Male Calling Song in Populations of Achroia grisella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): Toward a Resolution of the Lek Paradox
Yihong Zhou ABSTRACT
Significant additive genetic variance often occurs for male advertisement traits in spite of the directional selection imposed by female choice, a problem generally known in evolutionary biology as the lek paradox. One hypothesis, which has limited support from recent studies, for the resolution of this paradox is the role of genotype × environment interaction in which no one genotype exhibits the superior performance in all environments—a crossover of reaction norms. However, these studies have not characterized the actual variation of reaction norms present in natural populations, and the extent to which crossover maintains genetic variance remains unknown. Here, we present a study of genotype × environment interaction for the male calling song in populations of Achroia grisella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae; lesser waxmoth). We report significant variance among reaction norms for male calling song in two North American populations of A. grisella as measured along temperature, food availability, and density gradients, and there is a relatively high incidence of crossover of the temperature reaction norms. This range of reaction norm variants and their crossover may reflect the co-occurrence of plastic and canalized genotypes, and we argue that the different responses of these variants along environmental gradients may contribute toward the maintenance of genetic variance for male song.
2009年2月3日 星期二
2008年6月13日 星期五
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