我覺得這是一個老話題耶....寄主植物可能並不是主要的問題, 蘭嶼目前那種殘破的環境倒底可以容納多大的族群量? 珠光鳳蝶真的可以像樺斑蝶那樣種個寄主就變多嗎?

我認為趙老師提出這個問題是對的, 不過我為什麼說這是一個老議題? 因為這件事早在10多年前就已經有人談過了. 但我覺得珠光鳳蝶復育工作最大的問題就是不知道整件事情的科學背景在那裏!

• 請問有任何一種生物的族群量和個體數量會維持恆定嗎? 會一直維持成長嗎? 這是基礎生態學常識
• 珠光鳳蝶會是一種種了寄主就要立竿見影的生物嗎? 就算是校園內的馬利筋, 也不一定有樺斑蝶來產卵吧? 請問怎麼不見有人跑出來說某某年的樺斑蝶怎麼變少了?
• 蘭嶼的環境那麼糟糕, 已經不只是沒地方種馬兜鈴的問題, 請問蘭嶼有足夠的蜜源植物嗎? 蘭嶼的人工建設和破壞真的有人在管嗎? 還是反正離島建設基金要怎麼弄就怎麼弄?
• 當一個環境已經破落到一定的程度, 當一種生物的遺傳多樣性已經差到一種程度, 我們能不能在理論上預期這樣的生物會因為多一點寄主植物而變多? 個體變多? 遺傳多樣性就會變高嗎? 還是我們只想看到個體變多?
• 如果從當年農委會第一次補助珠光鳳蝶復育計畫, 到後來TESRI做了很多年, 整個思維都只想要看到個體變多, 那根本就沒有脫離蝴蝶農場的思維. 如果想要看到蝴蝶變多就弄人工網室養一堆出來放到外面給遊客看就好了不是嗎? 但是倒底要多到什麼程度才叫保育有成呢? 還是說看到台東龍田的裳鳳蝶那麼多, 珠光鳳蝶的保育就應該可以如法刨製呢?
  

馬兜鈴種錯地方 珠光鳳蝶銳減

瀕臨絕種的保育蝶類蘭嶼珠光鳳蝶，專家調查發現，保育十餘年至今，數量竟回跌到八十四年最初調查數據，數量不到五百隻，探究原因才發現，原來珠光鳳蝶的食源馬兜鈴栽植環境不理想，不適珠光鳳蝶生存。

珠光鳳蝶是蘭嶼特有種，屬台灣原生蝶類體型最大的蝶類，雌蝶展翅可達十四公分，雄蝶後翅在陽光下閃耀藍綠色珍珠光澤，被譽為「飛舞的珍珠」。民國六十年至七十年間遭大量捕捉，加上珠光鳳蝶的食源馬兜鈴生長地也遭濫墾，幾近絕跡，相關單位八十四年復育。

義守大學助理教授趙仁方表示，珠光鳳蝶復育期間民國八十九年數量達最高峰，當時島上成立復育區，成蝶數量可能超過一千隻，今年發現成蝶不到五百隻。

為何這樣？他觀察，可能和珠光鳳蝶食源馬兜鈴的栽培位置有關。趙仁方說，珠光鳳蝶幼蟲喜歡的食源是兩百至三百公分高、直徑超過六毫米的兩年生以上馬兜鈴老株，周邊環境最好是全遮蔭或半遮蔭，但幾年前復育栽培的馬兜鈴生長不及供應，反而成為紅紋鳳蝶幼蟲的最佳生長區。

團隊已在蘭嶼尋求適當區栽育兩年生以上的馬兜鈴，目前已試栽一百株，未來也將持續入島栽種，希望讓珠光鳳蝶再度翩翩飛舞在蘭嶼的天空。

【2010/05/25 聯合報】

尾突也可抽DNA- 保育類蛾種的非致死取樣方法之效果

photo by: José Miguel Nieto Ojeda

Effect of non-lethal sampling on life-history traits of the protected moth Graellsia isabelae (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)
Ecological Entomology (Accepted 4 December 2008, 將於2009近期出刊,尚未上線)

M . Vila ¹, M . A . Auger-Rozenberg² , F. Goussard ²and C . Lopez-Vaamonde^2
1 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruna, A Coruna, Spain and ² INRA, UR 633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France

在昆蟲方面使用非致死的取樣方法通常是由一隻腳或翅膀的一部分中萃取DNA，雖然比殺死動物以取得樣本更好，但關於缺少一隻腳或一部分翅膀對昆蟲個體的生存或繁衍有何影響並不清楚。Graellsia isabelae是一種受到生境指令與伯恩公約保護的歐洲蛾類，在保育遺傳學上的取樣必須採用非致死方式，作者的研究目標是(1)量化從腳和後翅尾突取得DNA樣本對於雌雄成蟲的生存和繁殖的影響，以及(2)評估由這些組織中萃取DNA的量與品質。結果顯示後翅尾突和中足都是品質良好的核DNA與粒線體DNA來源，且取自大於130mm²的後翅尾突的DNA濃度顯著高於來自大約半截中足的DNA濃度。對成蟲進行捉放法的結果顯示無論是後翅尾突或是中足被取樣，對於雄性的存活率或交配總次數都沒有顯著的減少；然而雖然少了中足對於母蛾的生存沒有顯著影響，卻對其能否成功交配有負面的影響。修剪雄蛾後翅對G. isabelae而言似乎是最好的非致死取樣方式，既快速又與自然造成的翅膀損傷類似，對其生存或交配行為沒有顯著影響。

Abstract
1. Non-lethal genetic surveys in insects usually extract DNA from a leg or a piece of wing. Although preferable to lethal sampling, little is known about the effect of leg/wing non-lethal sampling on fitness-related traits. 2. Graellsia isabelae (Graells, 1849) is a European moth protected by the Habitats Directive and the Bern Convention. Conservation genetics surveys on this species should therefore use non-lethal sampling. 3. The present study aimed to (1) quantify the effects of both leg and hind-wing tail sampling on survivorship and reproductive behaviour of adult males and females, and (2) assess the quality and quantity of DNA obtained from those tissues. 4. Both hind-wing tails and mid-legs proved to be good sources of high quality nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. DNA concentration was significantly higher when extracted from a large (130 mm 2 ) piece of the hind-wing tails than from about half of the mid-leg. Using mark – release – recapture experiments with adults, it was found that neither midleg nor hind-wing tail sampling significantly reduced male survivorship or total number of matings. However, although mid-leg sampling did not significantly affect female survivorship, it had a negative effect on female mating success. 5. Wing-tail clipping on males appeared to be the best non-lethal sampling procedure for G. isabelae . It is a fast procedure, similar to natural wing impairment, and did not significantly affect survival or mating behaviour.

[新書]歐洲蝴蝶的氣候風險性圖譜

Climatic Risk Atlas of European Butterflies

【作者】 Josef Settele et al
【出版】 Pensoft Publishers
【日期】 2008
【規格】 distribution maps, colour photos.
【國際圖書編號】 ISBN-13: 9789546424549 (平裝); ISBN-13: 9789546424556 (精裝)
【售價】 Softcover | £65.00 | approx. $94/€67; Hardcover | £115.99 | approx. $167/€119

【簡介】The Climatic Risk Atlas of European Butterflies provides recent and modelled (2050, 2080) distribution maps, a photo and data on biology and ecology for each species, and a general chapter on methods of mapping and modelling.

The overarching aim of the atlas is to communicate the potential risks of climatic change to the future of European butterflies. The main objectives are to: (1) provide a visual aid to discussions on climate change risks and impacts on biodiversity and thus contribute to risk communication as a core element of risk assessment; (2) present crucial data on a large group of species which could help to prioritise conservation efforts in the face of climatic change; (3) reach a broader audience through the combination of new scientific results with photographs of all treated species and some straight forward information about the species and their ecology.

The results of this atlas show that climate change is likely to have a profound effect on European butterflies.Ways to mitigate some of the negative impacts are to (1) maintain large populations in diverse habitats; (2) encourage mobility across the landscape; (3) reduce emissions of greenhouse gasses; (4) allow maximum time for species adaptation; (4) conduct further research on climate change and its impacts on biodiversity.

The book is a result of long-term research of a large international team of scientists, working at research institutes and non-governmental organizations, many within the framework of projects funded by the European Commission. It is published as Special Issue 1 of BioRisk, a new open-access journal of biodiversity and environmental sciences. It addresses conservationists working in research and/or policy making, ecologists, climatologists, biogeographers, entomologists, and members of the public society who care about the worrying trends in changes to the world's climate and nature.