新熱帶地區燈蛾亞科燈蛾族Mallodeta及Erruca兩屬之回顧及有效性回復

Pinheiro LR & Duarte M. 2010. Revision of Neotropical moth genera Mallodeta Butler and Erruca Walker, revalidate (Noctuidae, Arctiidae, Arctiini, Euchromiina). Zootaxa 2573: 1-34

簡介:

Euchromiina為燈蛾亞科燈蛾族(註1)中被認為與膜翅目擬態的一群，因擬蜂的外部型態，在科级的分類階層曾經被誤置於斑蛾科(Zygaenidae)中，也曾經被放在由擬蜂類群所組成的鹿蛾科(Syntomidae)(現在大多數被歸為為燈蛾亞科的一個鹿蛾族內)，其姊妹群為同為燈蛾族中的Ctenuchiina，但其單系性仍然有待檢視。Pinheiro及Duarte(2010)回顧、恢復並重新描述此亞族中的兩個屬，並建立六個同物異名，其中的Mallodeta Butler僅包含一個模式種M. clavata (Walker, 1854)，此屬後翅之形狀、具發達的聽器以及與膜翅目擬態的細腰是與其他擬蜂物種鑑別的特徵。Erruca Walker連同模式種共有七個種，不發達的聽器、腹背板有白色的斑點以及足部各節末端白色為此屬之共有演徵。作者除了重新描述兩個屬，更詳細描述屬內各個物種的生態習性、型態以及分布資訊，並建立了檢所表。

Noctuidae

Arctiinae

Arctiini

Euchromiina

Mallodeta Butler, 1876

M. clavata (Walker, 1854)

*M. simplex Rothschild, 1931

Erruca Walker, 1854

*Aristodaema Wallegren, 1858

*Rezia Kirby, 1892

E. deyrolii Walker, 1854

*Laemocharis aecyra Herrich-Schäffer, 1854

*Hyda sortita Walker, 1854

E. consors (Walker, 1854)

E. erythrarchos (Walker,1854)

E. cardinalis (Hampson, 1898)

E. hanga (Herrich-Schäffer, 1854)

E. cruenta (Perty, 1833)

E. sanguipuncta (Druce, 1898)

*Mallodeta cubana Gaede, 1926 為Phoenicoprocta capistrata (Fabricius, 1775)之同物異名

註1. 此篇文章採用新的高階分類系統，燈蛾科被降為夜蛾科中的一個亞科。

註2. *為同物異名

Abstract:

Mallodeta Butler and Erruca Walker, revalidated, are redescribed and revised. Mallodeta henceforth includes only its type-species, Glaucopis (Lycorea) clavata Walker, and Erruca is resurrected with seven species: E. deyrolii Walker (type-species), E. consors (Walker), new combination, E. erythrarchos (Walker), new combination, E. cardinalis (Hampson), new combination, E. hanga (Herrich-Schäffer), new combination, E. cruenta (Perty), new combination and E. sanguipuncta (Druce), new combination. Six new synonyms are established, four specific and two generic (junior synonyms in parentheses): Zygaena capistrata Fabricius (=Mallodeta cubana Gaede), Glaucopis (Lycorea) clavata Walker (=M. simplex Rothschild), Erruca deyrolii Walker (=Laemocharis aecyra Herrich-Schäffer and Glaucopis (Hyda) sortita Walker), and Erruca Walker (=Aristodaema Wallengren and Rezia Kirby). Lectotypes are designated to the following species: Erruca deyrolii Walker, Laemocharis deyrollei Herrich-Schäffer, Laemocharis hanga Herrich-Schäffer, Laemocharis aecyra Herrich-Schäffer, Laemocharis norma Herrich-Schäffer, Cosmosoma cardinalis Hampson and Mallodeta sanguipuncta Druce. Illustrations of adults and male and female genitalia of Mallodeta and Erruca are provided, as well as a key to the species of the latter.

以形態特徵重建狹義星燈蛾屬(Utetheisa s. str.)的親緣關係顯示Utetheisa與Pitasila亞屬為姐妹群, 但Atasca亞屬則可能不屬星燈蛾, 而新世界物種則起源自亞洲

文獻來源: DaCosta MA. 2010. Phylogeny of Utetheisa s. str. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Arctiinae) with comments on the evolution of colour, hind wing scales and origin of New World species. Invertebrate Systematics 24: 113-130.

Abstract
Species of Utetheisa Hübner incorporate pyrrolizidine alkaloids into their defence strategy where they are protective against both invertebrate and vertebrate predators, and courtship behaviours by males incorporate the alkaloids into their pheromones. Although Utetheisa’s chemical ecology is well understood, the systematics is less clear. A phylogeny of Utetheisa was constructed based on adult morphology. The final data matrix consisted of 29 species and 105 characters (268 states) from adults scored from both nongenitalic and genitalic characters as follows: 3 head (8 states), 4 leg (8 states), 21 wing (49 states), 44 male abdominal and genitalic characters (124 states), and 33 female abdominal and genitalic characters (79 states). The resulting parsimony and Bayesian analyses demonstrated that Utetheisa s. str. is monophyletic and sister to U. Pitasila (Moore). UtetheisaAtasca (Swinhoe) is more closely related to outgroup taxa than it is to other Utetheisa species. Monophyly of Utetheisa s. str. is strongly supported by a posterior probability of 0.98. Colour was lost once and male wing androconia evolved independently in several species, all of which feed on hosts in Boraginaceae. Forbes’ hypothesis of an Old World origin for the genus is corroborated and two origins for New World species are supported.

[新書]熱帶非洲地區非洲鹿蛾族(Thyretini)之圖錄

[書名] Thyretini of Africa - An Illustrated Catalogue of the Thyretini (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae: Syntominae) of the Afrotropical Region
[作者] Lukasz Przybylowicz
[年代] 2009 (December)
[出版] Apollo Books
[ISBN] ISBN-10: 8788757919 ISBN-13: 978-8788757910
[網頁] http://www.apollobooks.com/thyretini.htm

[新書]Moths of Thailand Vol. 6 Arctiidae

[書名] Moths of Thailand Vol. 6, Arctiidae
[作者] Cerny K, Pinratana A
[年代] 2009 (September)
[出版] Brothers of Saint Gabriel in Thailand
[ISBN] 978-6-6-202-035-3
有關本系列叢書其它卷冊請參考六本腳之介紹

鱗翅目幼蟲的自我療癒: 覺得被寄生了就多吃一點有毒的東西

圖片來源：Bettaman

文獻來源: Singer MS, Mace KC, Bernays EA (2009) Self-Medication as Adaptive Plasticity: Increased Ingestion of Plant Toxins by Parasitized Caterpillars. PLoS ONE 4(3): e4796. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004796

「自我療癒」是指動物遭遇疾病或被寄生時，所產生的一種特殊治療性質的行為改變。關於自我療癒的經驗觀察文獻主要集中在確認何種特殊行為會連結到何種治療結果的案例上。在本研究中，作者將「自我療癒」定義在廣義的適應可塑性之內，此可提供數個可測試的假說以驗證自我療癒與提升其概念上的意義。首先，「自我療癒」應該要能提高動物受到寄生物或病菌感染時的存活率；其次，在未受到感染的情形下進行「自我療癒」，應該會降低動物的適應度；第三，感染要能引發動物的「自我療癒」 行為。少數以人類以外的動物進行的嚴謹「自我療癒」研究並未採取此推理的架構，因此無法測試在未受到感染的情形下進行「自我療癒」會付出多少減低適應度的 代價。在此研究中，作者藉由人為操作實驗，測試燈蛾幼蟲(Grammia incorrupta; Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)如何因應致死性內寄生物（寄生蠅）而改變其進食行為，以驗證他們的假說。實驗顯示幼蟲攝取含有植物毒素ー植物鹼 （pyrrolizidine alkaloids）能賦予幼蟲對寄生蠅的忍受力，並提高被寄生蠅寄生之幼蟲的存活率。和預測一致的是，未被寄生的幼蟲若攝取過量的植物毒素則會降低他們的存活率。受寄生的幼蟲明顯較未被寄生的幼蟲攝取多量的植物鹼。這個實例挑戰了過去對於自行服藥療癒僅限於具有高度辨識能力的動物（如靈長類）的成見， 並推動有關自我療癒的科學進入適應可塑性的領域中。

Abstract
Self-medication is a specific therapeutic behavioral change in response to disease or parasitism. The empirical literature on selfmedication has so far focused entirely on identifying cases of self-medication in which particular behaviors are linked to therapeutic outcomes. In this study, we frame self-medication in the broader realm of adaptive plasticity, which provides several testable predictions for verifying self-medication and advancing its conceptual significance. First, self-medication behavior should improve the fitness of animals infected by parasites or pathogens. Second, self-medication behavior in the absence of infection should decrease fitness. Third, infection should induce self-medication behavior. The few rigorous studies of self-medication in non-human animals have not used this theoretical framework and thus have not tested fitness costs of self-medication in the absence of disease or parasitism. Here we use manipulative experiments to test these predictions with the foraging behavior of woolly bear caterpillars (Grammia incorrupta; Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) in response to their lethal endoparasites (tachinid flies). Our experiments show that the ingestion of plant toxins called pyrrolizidine alkaloids improves the survival of parasitized caterpillars by conferring resistance against tachinid flies. Consistent with theoretical prediction, excessive ingestion of these toxins reduces the survival of unparasitized caterpillars. Parasitized caterpillars are more likely than unparasitized caterpillars to specifically ingest large amounts of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. This case challenges the conventional view that self-medication behavior is restricted to animals with advanced cognitive abilities, such as primates, and empowers the science of self-medication by placing it in the domain of adaptive plasticity theory.

相關網站：Michael Singer's Home Page

星燈蛾屬分類學回顧與加拉巴哥產類群研究進展

星燈蛾屬的分佈與分類簡述
星燈蛾屬(Utehteisa)為夜蛾科燈蛾亞科燈蛾族(註一)中日行性活動的類群，屬內現分為四個亞屬，其一是過去挾義星燈蛾(Utetheisa sensu stricto)所限的星燈蛾亞屬，全世界大約20~30種，當中含廣泛分布於舊世界的U. pulchella、U. pulchelloides與U. lotrix(後兩者亦分佈於台灣)，以及新世界的U. ornatrix與U. bella，此亞屬類群之胸翅部具有紅黑白色塊斑紋，並取食紫草科的白水木屬(Tournefortia)植物，長久被認為利用此寄主的次級代謝物-氰化物(PAs)進行對天敵的化學防禦機制，並以警戒斑紋使天敵增強對星燈蛾有毒或不可食性(unpalatable)的印象。其餘三亞屬分別於Holloway (1988)(Pitasila與Atasca)以及de Vos (2007)(Raanya)置於星燈蛾屬下(詳見de Vos文章與本Blog對其文章的介紹)。此三屬在外觀上近似於燈蛾族成員蝶燈蛾屬(Nyctemera)， 然根據明尼蘇達大學Susan Weller研究群對燈蛾科親緣關係重建的結果，Nyctemera與Pitasila並非近緣群，而Pitasila顯然應被視為星燈蛾屬Utetheisa亞屬。三亞屬已知皆分佈於印澳區(Indo-Australian region)，所含物種數為25、13與1種，台灣有U. (Pitasila) fractifascia (模式標本)與U. (Pitasila) inconstans (原名模式標本、成蟲與幼蟲生態影像)，前者為台灣特有種，後者為分布於台灣與日本，並於2009年由傅建明與徐渙之先生確認其於綠島與蘭嶼的分佈。

加拉巴哥群島產星燈蛾屬研究史回顧
加拉巴哥距其南美洲屬國厄瓜多海岸線以西約971公里，為由大小不一的19座島嶼所組成的群島，其盛名與演化論提出者達爾文的旅航與該地相關研究有密切關係，其獨特的動植物相亦吸引生物學家屢屢造訪。事實上達爾文的造訪也與該群島星燈蛾屬的研究史有關，Butler (1877)指出達爾文曾經於群島上採集到廣泛分布於新世界的U. ornatrix，然而此證據標本至今無法由典藏於大英博物館的達爾文採集品中尋獲，而成為此島群研究史中其中的一個謎。Wallengren於1860年發表了第一種加拉巴哥特有的星燈蛾U. galapagensis(註二)，後續有Hayes (1975)所發表的U. perryi與U. devriesi兩新種，以及後續大約四篇對這些物種的群島內新地理分佈紀錄的文章。

加拉巴哥產星燈蛾之所以會被研究者關注，一方面是此屬為該群島鱗翅目特有率第三高的類群，並且是唯一分布於此地的燈蛾亞科；一方面是此群島所包含的星燈蛾除了新世界廣佈種U. ornatrix具有警戒色以外，其餘物種皆為灰褐色調，這個觀察使得加拉巴哥特有星燈蛾的化學防禦機制、日夜活動行為以及非警戒型顏色斑紋被拿來與典型星燈蛾做比較，並進一步探討此類群是否受不同的選汰壓力而演化。於此，Roque-Albelo等人於2002年對此觀察提出了四個假說: (1) 此類群具有化學防禦之不可被食性(unpalatable)，然而大多為夜行性活動因此使得日間視覺上警戒天敵的鮮明顏色不再被需要；(2) 具有化學防禦且為日行性，然而利用隱蔽的灰褐色作為第二線的防禦機制; (3) 沒有化學防禦因此具可被食性，也因此不需要具有警戒色來宣示其不好吃; (4) 既沒有化學防禦又是夜行性，因此就不需要具有警戒色。而Roque-Albelo等人雖然確認U. galapagensis幼蟲取食白水木屬植物並且能夠分泌氰化物，然而並沒有測試此物種的可被食性。Garrett等人於2008年的研究中選取了加拉巴哥特有的蜘蛛與火山岩蜥蜴作為U. galapagensis是否具有可被食性的實驗，並且使用同域分佈的螟蛾科物種作為控制組中的獵物。其結果顯示相對於控制組螟蛾被兩天敵完全取食，U. galapagensis實驗組中的蜘蛛會使用口氣接觸星燈蛾，最後將其棄於巢外，而蜥蜴並未取食所有星燈蛾，並顯示出勉強吞食的行為，以及取食後清理行為，少數情況蜥蜴嘗試取食後會再將星燈蛾吐出。Garrett等人對Roque-Albelo等人的假說提出討論，他們認為取食研究支持了前兩個假說，也就是以化學物質來抵禦夜行性蜘蛛，並以隱避色降低被蜥蜴的攻擊。此外另外兩特有種U. perryi與U. devriesi也正用來進行類似的取食實驗 (Hartmann et al., unpublished)。

這些觀察與假說測試，使Roque-Albelo等人 (2009)又衍生出了幾個對加拉巴哥特有、具隱蔽色星燈蛾類群演化上的興趣: (1) 這些星燈蛾是何時失去警戒色的? 又是什麼原因造成的 (2) 這些具隱避色類群是否由具警戒色的祖先拓殖至加拉巴哥，抑或是由夜行性具隱蔽色的祖先而來?

加拉巴哥群島產星燈蛾屬兩新物種描述
Roque-Albelo與Landry (2009)近期發表了兩新種U. connerorum與U. henrii，前種廣佈於群島，後者限於San Cristobal Island，並紀錄兩者皆取食厄瓜多特有白水木類群T. pubescens。此外並重新確認U. galapagensis僅分布於San Cristobal Island，並提供加拉巴哥此屬六物種的外部型態檢索表。作者在文中提及DeCosta對U. galapagensis與新種U. connerorum進行粒線體DNA之COI序列進行分析，在668鹼基對中遺傳距離介於1.06~2.26%，並建議兩者具有近緣關係。未來是否會加入其他特有種與警戒色類群一起分析探討加拉巴哥星燈蛾的起源? 著實令人期待。

註一: Lafontaine & Fibiger (2006)依據現有的形態資料，參考Mitchell et al. (2006)年的分子親緣關係，並考量到各分類群的單系性，提出夜蛾總科新的分類架構，當中將過去的燈蛾科與毒蛾科降為廣義夜蛾科中亞科的階層。夜蛾總科的分類研究現況將在未來再做介紹。

註二: Roque-Albelo與Landry (2009)提及U. galapagensis在Wallengren (1860)的原始發表中命名為Euchelia galapagenis，卻在Wallengren (1861)中將此種種小名載為galapagensis，然而並未指出更名的原因，因此1861年的galapagensis應為不正確的後續拼法(incorrect subsequent spelling)。然而galapagensis被所有後續研究者所盛行使用，故參考ICZN 33.3.1法規將此種小名考量為正當訂正 (justified emendation)並成為此物種的有效名。

相關網路資料
世界產星燈蛾名錄

參考文獻
Fu CM and Hsu HC. 2009. Moths of Green Island. Taichung: Taichung Nature Research Society, 78pp.
Garrett SE, Conner WE and Roque-Albelo L. 2008. Alkaloidal protection of Utetheisa galapagensis against an invertebrate and a vertebrate predator in the Galapagos Islands. Galapagos
Research 65: 2–6.
Hayes A. 1975. The larger moths of the Galapagos Islands (Geometroidea, Sphingoidea and Noctuoidea). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 40(4): 145–208.
Holloway JD. 1988. The moths of Borneo, part 6: Actiidae: Syntominae, Euchromiinae, Arctiinae, Aganainae (to Noctuidae). Southdene Sdn. Bhd, Malaysia.
Roque-Albelo L, Garrett SE, Conner WE. 2009. Darwin’s moth: Utetheisa in the Galapagos Islands. In: Conner WE (Ed.) Tiger Moths and Woolly Bears: Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution of the Arctiidae. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 207–222. [Google Library線上部份閱覽、本Blog對此書的介紹]
Roque-Albelo L, Landry B. 2002. The Sphingidae (Lepidoptera) of the Galapagos Islands: their identifi cation, distribution, and host plants, with new records. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique Suisse 74: 217–226.
Roque-Albelo L, Schroeder FC, Conner WE, Bezzerides A, Hoebeke ER, Meinwald J and Eisner T.
2002. Chemical defense and aposematism: the case of Utetheisa galapagensis. Chemoecology 12: 153–157.
Roque-Albelo L and Landry B. 2009. Two new species of Utetheisa Hubner (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Arctiinae) from the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. ZooKeys 21: 55–72
Vos R de. 2007. The Utetheisa species of the subgenera Pitasila, Atasca and Raanya Subg. N. (Insecta, Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Aldrovandia 3: 31-120.
Wallengren HDJ. 1860. Lepidopterologische Mittheilungen. II. Wiener Entomologische Monatschrift 4(6): 161–176.
Wallengren HDJ. 1861. Lepidoptera species novas descripsit. In: Kongliga Svenska Fregatten Eugenies Resa Omkring Jorden... Zoologi V, Insecta, pp. 351–390, 3 pls.

[TaiBNET名錄修訂]Argyarctia拼法訂正

TaiBNET鱗翅目燈蛾科名錄應進行以下的修訂: 資料庫上的拼法Argyractia乃根據Lepidoptera of Taiwan而來, 但此拼法事實上是錯誤的, 應根據江田信豐(KODA Nobutoyo)的原始發表訂正為Argyarctia.

圖片連結: gaga昆蟲網

星燈蛾屬 (Utetheisa) Pitasila亞屬分類修訂

綠島產Utetheisa (Pitasila) inconstans (Butler, 1880)

目前任職於荷蘭阿姆斯特丹動物學博物館的Rob de Vos長期對於所謂的"蝶燈蛾" (Nyctemera, Pitasila)的分類問題投注了相當多的時間. 多年來已經累積了相當多的文章, 也解決了許多東南亞(含新幾內亞)產物種的分類疑難. 根據明尼蘇達大學Susan Weller研究群對燈蛾科親緣關係重建的結果, Nyctemera與Pitasila並非近緣群, 而Pitasila顯然應被視為星燈蛾屬(Utetheisa)亞屬, 因此Pitasila的中名不宜再被稱為蝶燈蛾, 而且此類群也無一物種與任何蝶類有相似之處.

de Vos於2007年發表了對Pitasila, Atasca, 與一新亞屬Raanya de Vos修訂的巨著，文中亦包含13新種2新亞種，14個新同物異名及取代名(replacement name)，8個新位階，還有14個轉移至Utetheisa的新組合，並提供所有描述分類群的成蟲、生殖器特徵與地理分布資訊。de Vos在此文中亦討論了兩種產在台灣的物種: Utetheisa (Pitasila) inconstans (Butler, 1880)與 U. (P.) fractifascia (Wileman, 1911)，並將牠們歸於selecta種群內，以下就兩物種的命名修訂歷史作簡述:

1. Utetheisa (Pitasila) inconstans (Butler, 1880)

• inconstans原本即被置於Pitasila Moore, 1877，隨後Pagenstecher (1901)、Swinhoe (1903)、Seitz (1915)、Matsumura (1930)等人將其歸於Nyctemera，Bryk (1937)認為這樣的組合將造成與Nyctemera inconstans Snellen van Vollenhoven, 1863 (現為Nyctemera latistriga Walker, 1854)同名(homonym), 而倡議使用一個新名brylancik取代Butler的inconstans，這個問題已在de Vos (2002)的論文中闡述
• Inoue & Kishida (1992)在台灣鱗翅目誌中將brylancik轉移至Pitasila，王效岳(1994)在認識台灣的昆蟲(7)亦沿用(中文名為大花斑蝶燈蛾)，隨後這個學名便在台灣的圖鑑或網路討論中被廣為使用
• Holloway其實早在1988年將Pitasila處理為Utetheisa之 同物異名與亞屬，然這個處理並未被長期研究台灣鱗翅目昆蟲的日本鱗翅學者所理會. 不過Susan Weller博士的研究生Michelle DaCosta在其博士論文(2007)的分析, 以及de Vos (2007)的研究皆支持Holloway的觀點. de Vos並引用ICZN 59.3條(註一)將過去被視為junior secondary homonym的inconstans Butler, 1880恢復使用, 並與Utetheisa屬重新組合成為Utetheisa (Pitasila) inconstans. 此外, 過去被描述自日本琉球群島的okinawansis Inoue, 1982亦被視為此種的同物異名
• Sugi (2002)紀錄琉球族群取食紫草科(Boraginaceae)的白水木(Tournefortia argentea L. f. 1781)，而其幼蟲與Utetheisa亞屬非常相似，故可支持將Pitasila與Utetheisa合併的分類處理
• 此種之地理分布目前為: 日本琉球群島, 台灣南部近海低海拔山區以及綠島(筆者2007年7月紀錄)，傅建明與左漢榮(2004)紀錄了中海拔鞍馬山區”Pitasila brylancik”的雌雄蟲各一筆紀錄，然其圖板(p. 252)所顯示的應該是Utetheisa (Pitasila) fractifascia

2. Utetheisa (Pitasila) fractifascia (Wileman, 1911)

• fractifascia原被置於Deilemera Hubner屬中，而Deilemera現被視為Nyctemera的同物異名
• Holloway(1988)將其轉至Utetheisa屬，但Inoe & Kishida (1992)仍將其置於Pitasila屬
• 此種之次同物異名為Nyctemera basistrigata Reich, 1932，正模採自台灣甲仙(Kosempo)，現存於ZMHB (德國柏林洪堡大學自然史博物館)
• 此種為台灣特有種，傅建明與左漢榮(2004)紀錄了中海拔鞍馬山區產雌雄蟲各一筆紀錄(誤訂為brylancik)

3. 兩者之比較: 由於兩者的種內變異極大, 且在種間差異很小, 因此在鑑識上經常出現錯誤

• Wileman (1911)與Reich (1932)分別選擇了極端表現的個體作為fractifascia與basistrigata的模式標本.
• de Vos則根據生殖器結構的穩定特徵，例如抱器(valva)外緣突起(costal process)的長度與角度，以及clasper的形態支持兩物種的分割。
• de Vos並未如王效岳(1994)為兩物種進行詳細的斑紋描述，僅陳述牠們兩者個斑紋變異甚大，僅能以inconstans白斑較發達，fractifascia的白斑較不發達辨識。不過腹部斑紋似乎可提供較穩定的特徵: inconstans之背、腹與側板黑斑小或不明顯；然fractifascia的圓斑較大，背板黑斑常向側方延伸

4. Utetheisa (Pitasila)與Nyctemera屬的差異

Nyctemera adversata (Schaller, 1788)

• 因為與擬態相關的翅紋趨同現象(Holloway, 1988)，因此造成此兩群長期紊亂的分類歷史。Holloway建議後翅翅脈相辨識牠們: 前者R1與M1脈合生(connate)，而後者兩脈則為共柄 (sharing a common stalk)。

註一: 摘錄ICZN 59.3條款如下 (ICZN 網頁)
Secondary homonyms replaced before 1961 but no longer considered congeneric. A junior secondary homonym replaced before 1961 is permanently invalid unless the substitute name is not in use and the relevant taxa are no longer considered congeneric, in which case the junior homonym is not to be rejected on grounds of that replacement. [在1961年以前被替代而已不再被認為同屬的後異物同名。一個在1961年以前被替代的次後異物同名永遠無效，除非該替換名稱未在使用中，並且相關的分 類單元已不再被認為同屬，此一案例，該後位異物同名無須因該項替代而被摒棄。(摘譯自于名振，2003)]

根據這個條款，不摒棄後異物同名的情況須符合兩個條件，然而Vos(2007)對inconstans Butler的處理似乎僅合乎第二個條件(相關分類單元不再認為同屬)，而忽略inconstans Butler的替代名brylancik Bryk持續被使用的事實。

主要參考文獻:
Fu & Tzuoo. 2004. Moths of Anmashan Part 2. Taichung Nature Research Society, Taichung, Taiwan
Heppner & Inoue (eds.) 1992. Lepidoptera of Taiwan Vol. 1, part 2: checklist. Scientific Publishers Inc., Gainesville, USA.
Holloway. 1988. The moths of Borneo, part 6: Actiidae: Syntominae, Euchromiinae, Arctiinae, Aganainae (to Noctuidae). Southdene Sdn. Bhd, Malaysia.
Vos, R. de. 2002. Revision of the Nyctemera everigista group (=subgenus Deilemera Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae, Arctiinae, Nyctemerini). Nachrichten des entomologischen Vereins Apollo (Neue Folge) 23: 7-32.
Vos, R. de. 2007. The Utetheisa species of the subgenera Pitasila, Atasca and Raanya Subg. N. (Insecta, Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Aldrovandia 3: 31-120.
王效岳。1994。認識台灣的昆蟲 7 燈蛾科。淑馨出版社，臺北市，臺灣

相關連結:
Dr. Rod de Vos, Dept. of Entomology, Zoological Museum of Amsterdam
Dr. Susan J. Weller, Dept. of Entomology, University of Minnesota

[TaiBNET名錄修訂] 安土苔蛾 (黃緣苔蛾) 之屬名變更

安土苔蛾雌蟲與卵


安土苔蛾雄蟲

Moore於1878年根據斯里蘭卡產的Lithosia antica Walker, 1854發表苔蛾亞科新屬Brunia，Hampson於1900年依據類似的翅脈特徵將此種轉至Eilema Hübner屬中，並成為非洲產E. vicaria Walker的同物異名，後續研究皆未再對此種有分類上的處理，直到Holloway(2001)才將Brunia復活使用，antica即為此屬模式種，而過去以台灣產標本所發表的甲仙土苔蛾Eilema kosemponensis Strand, 1917以及埔里苔蛾Lithosia horishanella Matsumura, 1927則被視為其次同物異名。

Brunia屬現今主要分布於印澳區與與東方區，其具有雌雄二型性的前翅顏色斑紋特徵，B. antica之雌雄蟲前翅沿前緣皆具有淡黃色條斑，除此雄蟲前翅底色為淡灰色，雌蟲為鐵灰色。

Holloway主要依據雄性生殖器特徵劃分Brunia與Eilema屬，前屬類群之抱器(valva)頂端多具有下彎的指狀突起，以及囊形突(saccus)短而彎曲等特徵，後者據Birket-Smith (1965)之重新定義, 其特徵主要為腹基突(vinculum)長而彎曲，之間具有著生毛束的多褶皺節間膜。

參考文獻:
Birket-Smith. 1965. A revision of the West African eilemic moths, based on the male genitalia (Lep, Arctidae, Lithosinae; incl. gena. Crocosia, Eilema, Lithosia, Pelosia, Phryganopsis a.o.). Papers from the Faculty of Science, Haile Selassie I University (Series C: Zoology) 1: 1-161. [Link]
Hampson, G.F. 1900. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum. 2. Catalogue of the Arctiadae (Nolinae, Lithosianae) in the Collection of the British Museum. London.
Holloway. 2001. The moths of Borneo, part 7: Actiidae: Lithosiinae. Malayan Nature Journal 55: 279-486. [Link]
顏聖紘。2002。書評/ 書介: 婆羅洲蛾類誌第七卷--燈蛾科苔蛾亞科 The Moths of Borneo Part 7: Arctiidae, Lithosiinae。台灣昆蟲 22: 95-99. [Link]

[新書]燈蛾與毛毛蟲：燈蛾科的行為、生態與演化

Tiger Moths and Woolly Bears: Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution of the Arctiidae

【編輯】 William E Conner
【出版】 Oxford University Press USA
【日期】 2008年11月20日
【規格】 精裝, 2.5*15.2*23.5 cm, 單色印刷, 303 pages, 18 黑白圖版+ 21彩色圖版.
【國際圖書編號】ISBN-13: 9780195327373
【價格】| £32.99 | approx. $48/€34| 博客來網路書店售價：2698元

【書介】
"Tiger moths"其實是中文所稱之燈蛾(Arctiid moths)，然而一般中文使用者直稱的虎蛾事實上指的是狹義夜蛾科(Noctuidae)虎蛾亞科(Agaristinae)的種類，無論是燈蛾或虎蛾, 兩者皆屬夜蛾總科(Noctuoidea)，且皆具有日行性、如虎斑艷麗對比色彩斑紋的類群。Wooly bears可泛指身披毛絨的鱗翅目幼蟲(多為燈蛾)，亦可專指分布於北美的燈蛾亞科物種Pyrrharctia isabella之幼蟲。台灣產的燈蛾科分屬為四個亞科: 鹿蛾亞科(Syntominae，約17種)、蜂燈蛾亞科(Ctenuchinae，1種)、燈蛾亞科(Arctiinae，約42種, 含蝶燈蛾亞科(Nycteminae)) 與苔蛾亞科(Lithosiinae，至少130種)，所有的亞科皆兼具日行性與夜行性種類。除了多樣化的外部形態特徵，燈蛾尚具有其他值得探討的課題，例如求偶行為、化學防禦、發聲與藉聽覺避敵的機制以及與不同生物地理區的蝴蝶、斑蛾、日行性夜蛾、蜂、椿象甚至蜚蠊互相形成擬態群的演化議題，這些由燈蛾為材料所衍生的最新研究都收錄在本書中。而本書作者William E. Conner為美國北卡羅萊納州維克森林大學(Wake Forest University)之生物學教授，其研究領域即以燈蛾作為主要研究材料，以探討視覺生態、化學生態與聽覺溝通的演化機制，他的研究群與明尼蘇達大學的Susan Weller有緊密的合作。

連結:
ConnerLab Homepage
Susan Weller Homepage

【簡介】Moths of the family Arctiidae, with their brilliant coloration, spectacular courtship rituals, and bizarre defenses, are wonders of the natural world. Unpalatable by virtue of secondary chemicals acquired from their hostplants, these moths advertise their defenses by their coloration and often mimic butterflies, wasps, bees, stinkbugs, and even cockroaches. They have ears with which they hear the echolocation of bats, and some answer with aposematic warnings, while some may jam the bats’ sonar.This book, the first written on this fascinating group, documents how tiger moths and woolly bears-the adults and larvae of the Arctiidae-flourish in a world rife with predators, parasites, and competitors. The contributing authors’ accounts, each written by a recognized expert in the field, weave together seminal studies on phylogeny and behavior, natural history, chemical communication, mate choice and sexual selection, chemical ecology, parasite-host relationships, self medication, animal orientation, predator-prey interactions, mimicry, adaptive coloration, speciation, biodiversity, and more.

[Article]Widespread decoupling of mtDNA variation and species integrity in Grammia tiger moths

Widespread decoupling of mtDNA variation and species integrity in Grammia tiger moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Authors: SCHMIDT, B. CHRISTIAN; SPERLING, FELIX A. H.1

Source: Systematic Entomology, Volume 33, Number 4, October 2008 , pp. 613-634(22)

Publisher: Blackwell Publishing

Abstract: We investigate the diversity of the North American tiger moth genus Grammia Rambur (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by comparing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) `barcode' fragments of cytochrome oxidase I with non-molecular characters such as morphology, ecology, behaviour and distribution. Mitochondrial DNA genealogy is strikingly at odds with morpho-species taxonomy for most of the 28 sampled species, as haplotypic polyphyly not only is taxonomically widespread, but involves multiple shared haplotypes among two to four species. Morpho-ecological traits show that those species sharing haplotypes are often not closely related. Furthermore, high mtDNA divergences occur within species. Haplotypic variation is highly discordant with species taxonomy, but variation at a continental scale reveals significant geographic structuring of haplogroups, transcending morpho-species boundaries. A nested clade analysis and comparison of non-molecular with mtDNA data indicate that most discordance between mtDNA and taxonomy in Grammia is explained best by taxonomically and geographically widespread ongoing hybridization events resulting in mtDNA introgression. We hypothesize that broad areas of sympatry, interspecifically compatible genitalic structure, and species overlap in pheromone components facilitate hybridization, with disparate interspecies abundances promoting mitochondrial introgression. The molecular evolution of Grammia challenges the view that interspecific gene exchange occurs rarely and is restricted to recently diverged species. These results show the value of mtDNA in detecting cryptic hybridization, while highlighting the inherent dangers of drawing taxonomic conclusions based solely on mtDNA. Widespread decoupling of mtDNA variation and species integrity in Grammia tiger moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)