圖片來源：treknature
文獻來源：N Wedell , C Wiklund and J Bergstro¨m. 2009. Coevolution of non-fertile sperm and female receptivity in a butterfly. Biology letters 5: 678–681. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0452 （Published online 29 July 2009）
兩性之間的衝突可促進雄性與雌性生殖特徵的快速演化。許多採行一妻多夫制蝶類的雄蟲在交尾時會傳遞營養物質給雌性以促進雌性的繁殖力，但是當雌性再次與其他雄蟲交尾、造成精子競爭時變產生了兩性的衝突。蝴蝶同時製造了可孕的精子和大量不可孕的精子。暗脈粉蝶(Pieris napi) 的不可孕精子充滿了雌蟲的儲精囊，關閉雌蟲繼續接受精子的能力而降低雌性再次交尾之可能。雌蟲儲存不孕精子的量具有遺傳上的變異，此與雌性抵抗雄性策略的 不反應期有直接相關。雄蟲的精子生產亦有遺傳上的變異。本文中，作者以量化遺傳學和選汰實驗顯示雌蟲的不反應期與雄蟲精子產量具有遺傳上的相關性。發生在 雄蟲操縱組之選汰可能增加雌蟲的接受操縱組雄蟲的頻率，成為一相關的反應，反之亦然。
Sexual conflict can promote rapid evolution of male and female reproductive traits. Males of many polyandrous butterflies transfer nutrients at mating that enhances female fecundity, but generates sexual conflict over female remating due to sperm competition. Butterflies produce both normal fertilizing sperm and large numbers of non-fertile sperm. In the green-veined white butterfly, Pieris napi, non-fertile sperm fill the females’ sperm storage organ, switching off receptivity and thereby reducing female remating. There is genetic variation in the number of non-fertile sperm stored, which directly relates to the female’s refractory period. There is also genetic variation in males’ sperm production. Here, we show that females’ refractory period and males’ sperm production are genetically correlated using quantitative genetic and selection experiments. Thus selection on male manipulation may increase the frequency of susceptible females to such manipulations as a correlated response and vice versa.
兩性之間的衝突可促進雄性與雌性生殖特徵的快速演化。許多採行一妻多夫制蝶類的雄蟲在交尾時會傳遞營養物質給雌性以促進雌性的繁殖力，但是當雌性再次與其他雄蟲交尾、造成精子競爭時變產生了兩性的衝突。蝴蝶同時製造了可孕的精子和大量不可孕的精子。暗脈粉蝶(Pieris napi) 的不可孕精子充滿了雌蟲的儲精囊，關閉雌蟲繼續接受精子的能力而降低雌性再次交尾之可能。雌蟲儲存不孕精子的量具有遺傳上的變異，此與雌性抵抗雄性策略的 不反應期有直接相關。雄蟲的精子生產亦有遺傳上的變異。本文中，作者以量化遺傳學和選汰實驗顯示雌蟲的不反應期與雄蟲精子產量具有遺傳上的相關性。發生在 雄蟲操縱組之選汰可能增加雌蟲的接受操縱組雄蟲的頻率，成為一相關的反應，反之亦然。
Sexual conflict can promote rapid evolution of male and female reproductive traits. Males of many polyandrous butterflies transfer nutrients at mating that enhances female fecundity, but generates sexual conflict over female remating due to sperm competition. Butterflies produce both normal fertilizing sperm and large numbers of non-fertile sperm. In the green-veined white butterfly, Pieris napi, non-fertile sperm fill the females’ sperm storage organ, switching off receptivity and thereby reducing female remating. There is genetic variation in the number of non-fertile sperm stored, which directly relates to the female’s refractory period. There is also genetic variation in males’ sperm production. Here, we show that females’ refractory period and males’ sperm production are genetically correlated using quantitative genetic and selection experiments. Thus selection on male manipulation may increase the frequency of susceptible females to such manipulations as a correlated response and vice versa.
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