圖片來源:ashung
文獻來源:Pen˜ a, C., Nylin, S., Freitas, A. V. L. & Wahlberg, N. (2010). Biogeographic history of the butterfly subtribe Euptychiina (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae).—Zoologica Scripta, 39, 243–258.
doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00421.x
蛺蝶科眼蝶亞科中具高多樣性的Euptychiina亞族過去被認為局限分布在美洲地區。然而,新的證據將東方區的銀蛇 目蝶(Palaeonympha opalina,又稱古眼蝶,分布於台灣和中國的中西部)歸入該亞族之下,使得該亞族的分布成為東亞-北美東部的間斷分布類型。這種東亞-北美東部分布類型雖然在其他動物群中已被發現,而在植物類群中也早在林奈時代之前就已知道,但是尚未在任何蝶類類群中被報導過。作者利用粒線體上的一個基因與四個細胞核 DNA片段,共計長度 4447 bp 的序列資料,分析102個 Euptychiina亞族下的分類群,以建立其親緣關係假說、評估其起源時間、主要分支之分化與生物地理學上的分析。Euptychiina亞族在 3100萬年前起源於南美洲。早期的Euptychiina亞族在始新世和漸新世之間、透過短暫的GAARlandia連接由北美洲擴散到南美洲。晚近之 東方區的銀蛇目蝶的間斷分布是由於南美洲一個支系朝北擴散、經由北美洲進入東亞。Palaeonympha屬的共祖與其姊妹群Megisto屬棲息在北亞和北美洲的帶狀森林中,過去曾以白令陸橋相連。而大約3100萬年前,白令陸橋的消失使得Palaeonympha屬和Megisto屬分開,且中新世晚 期(3150萬年前開始)的氣候巨變在北美洲西部造成嚴重的滅絕事件,故形成現在經典的「東亞-北美東部的間斷分布類型」。
本文章與台灣 產分類群相關者,是對銀蛇目蝶(Palaeonympha opalina)親緣關係地位之判斷,依據分子資料顯示,銀蛇目蝶應是Euptychiina亞族中某些局限分布在美洲之成員的姊妹群。此假說早在 1968年即由Miller提出,他發現Palaeonympha與Euptychiina亞族在形態上有某些相似性,這些發現促使他想要把這個東亞分布 的屬歸入原本僅有美洲產成員的Euptychiina亞族中,但是由於此奇特的間斷分布類型,最終Miller將銀蛇目蝶處理為分類地位未明的狀態。 Pen˜ a et al. (2006)的研究發現銀蛇目蝶和產於巴西東南方的Euptychiina亞族成員關係較密切,但是他並未全面地對產於北美洲和中美洲的 Euptychiina亞族成員進行採樣,故尚未發現經典的「東亞-北美東部的間斷分布類型」。本研究則進行較廣泛的採樣,進而重建並推論產於東方區的Palaeonympha的生物地理歷史,但本研究並未對每個屬中的每一個種作採樣,因此此親緣關係假說可能會受到較大屬的樣本增加而造成改變,此外,由 於只採樣銀蛇目蝶的其中一個產於台灣的亞種,因此無法確認銀蛇目蝶的每個亞種是否形成單系群。
Abstract
The diverse butterfly subtribe Euptychiina was thought to be restricted to the Americas. However, there is mounting evidence for the Oriental Palaeonympha opalina being part of Euptychiina and thus a disjunct distribution between it (in eastern Asia) and its sister taxon (in eastern North America). Such a disjunct distribution in both eastern Asia and eastern North America has never been reported for any butterfly taxon. We used 4447 bp of DNA sequences from one mitochondrial gene and four nuclear genes for 102 Euptychiina taxa to obtain a phylogenetic hypothesis of the subtribe, estimate dates of origin and diversification for major clades and perform a biogeographic analysis. Euptychiina originated 31 Ma in South America. Early Euptychiina dispersed from North to South America via the temporary connection known as GAARlandia during Eocene–Oligocene times. The current disjunct distribution of the Oriental Palaeonympha opalina is the result of a northbound dispersal of a lineage from South America into eastern Asia via North America. The common ancestor of Palaeonympha and its sister taxon Megisto inhabited the continuous forest belt across North Asia and North America, which was connected by Beringia. The closure of this connection caused the split between Palaeonympha and Megisto around 13 Ma and the severe extinctions in western North America because of the climatic changes of the Late Miocene (from 13.5 Ma onwards) resulted in the classic ‘eastern Asia and eastern North America’ disjunct distribution.
doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00421.x
蛺蝶科眼蝶亞科中具高多樣性的Euptychiina亞族過去被認為局限分布在美洲地區。然而,新的證據將東方區的銀蛇 目蝶(Palaeonympha opalina,又稱古眼蝶,分布於台灣和中國的中西部)歸入該亞族之下,使得該亞族的分布成為東亞-北美東部的間斷分布類型。這種東亞-北美東部分布類型雖然在其他動物群中已被發現,而在植物類群中也早在林奈時代之前就已知道,但是尚未在任何蝶類類群中被報導過。作者利用粒線體上的一個基因與四個細胞核 DNA片段,共計長度 4447 bp 的序列資料,分析102個 Euptychiina亞族下的分類群,以建立其親緣關係假說、評估其起源時間、主要分支之分化與生物地理學上的分析。Euptychiina亞族在 3100萬年前起源於南美洲。早期的Euptychiina亞族在始新世和漸新世之間、透過短暫的GAARlandia連接由北美洲擴散到南美洲。晚近之 東方區的銀蛇目蝶的間斷分布是由於南美洲一個支系朝北擴散、經由北美洲進入東亞。Palaeonympha屬的共祖與其姊妹群Megisto屬棲息在北亞和北美洲的帶狀森林中,過去曾以白令陸橋相連。而大約3100萬年前,白令陸橋的消失使得Palaeonympha屬和Megisto屬分開,且中新世晚 期(3150萬年前開始)的氣候巨變在北美洲西部造成嚴重的滅絕事件,故形成現在經典的「東亞-北美東部的間斷分布類型」。
本文章與台灣 產分類群相關者,是對銀蛇目蝶(Palaeonympha opalina)親緣關係地位之判斷,依據分子資料顯示,銀蛇目蝶應是Euptychiina亞族中某些局限分布在美洲之成員的姊妹群。此假說早在 1968年即由Miller提出,他發現Palaeonympha與Euptychiina亞族在形態上有某些相似性,這些發現促使他想要把這個東亞分布 的屬歸入原本僅有美洲產成員的Euptychiina亞族中,但是由於此奇特的間斷分布類型,最終Miller將銀蛇目蝶處理為分類地位未明的狀態。 Pen˜ a et al. (2006)的研究發現銀蛇目蝶和產於巴西東南方的Euptychiina亞族成員關係較密切,但是他並未全面地對產於北美洲和中美洲的 Euptychiina亞族成員進行採樣,故尚未發現經典的「東亞-北美東部的間斷分布類型」。本研究則進行較廣泛的採樣,進而重建並推論產於東方區的Palaeonympha的生物地理歷史,但本研究並未對每個屬中的每一個種作採樣,因此此親緣關係假說可能會受到較大屬的樣本增加而造成改變,此外,由 於只採樣銀蛇目蝶的其中一個產於台灣的亞種,因此無法確認銀蛇目蝶的每個亞種是否形成單系群。
Abstract
The diverse butterfly subtribe Euptychiina was thought to be restricted to the Americas. However, there is mounting evidence for the Oriental Palaeonympha opalina being part of Euptychiina and thus a disjunct distribution between it (in eastern Asia) and its sister taxon (in eastern North America). Such a disjunct distribution in both eastern Asia and eastern North America has never been reported for any butterfly taxon. We used 4447 bp of DNA sequences from one mitochondrial gene and four nuclear genes for 102 Euptychiina taxa to obtain a phylogenetic hypothesis of the subtribe, estimate dates of origin and diversification for major clades and perform a biogeographic analysis. Euptychiina originated 31 Ma in South America. Early Euptychiina dispersed from North to South America via the temporary connection known as GAARlandia during Eocene–Oligocene times. The current disjunct distribution of the Oriental Palaeonympha opalina is the result of a northbound dispersal of a lineage from South America into eastern Asia via North America. The common ancestor of Palaeonympha and its sister taxon Megisto inhabited the continuous forest belt across North Asia and North America, which was connected by Beringia. The closure of this connection caused the split between Palaeonympha and Megisto around 13 Ma and the severe extinctions in western North America because of the climatic changes of the Late Miocene (from 13.5 Ma onwards) resulted in the classic ‘eastern Asia and eastern North America’ disjunct distribution.