Out of the Andes: patterns of diversification in clearwing butterflies
Full text: PDFMolecular Ecology (2009) 18, 1716–1729
M. ELIAS,*†‡ M. JORON,†§ K. WILLMOTT,¶ K. L . SILVA-BRANDÃO,**,†† V. KAISER,† C. F. ARIAS,‡‡ L. M. GOMEZ PIÑEREZ,§§ S . URIBE,§§ A. V. Z. BROWER,¶¶ A. V. L. FREITAS** and C . D. JIGGINS‡
安地斯山的熱帶森林擁有全球生物多樣性的高峰，其令人矚目的地理特色似乎可提供促進產生生物多樣性的機會，如地理割據與生態上的種化。然而，對於占生物多樣性最多比例的昆蟲，這些山脈所扮演的角色仍很少被使用親緣關係方法進行研究。作者在本文中探討安地斯山在新熱帶區高多樣性的昆蟲- 蛉蛺蝶亞科(the clearwing butterflies）演化上扮演的角色。作者使用定年的種級親緣關係去評估發生種化的年代以及推測兩個多樣化的屬的祖先分布海拔範圍。結果顯示兩個屬可能都起源自第三紀中新世中期的安地斯山中海拔地區，與對脊椎動物發表的研究成果大多起源自低海拔相反。儘管作者偵測到由上新世-中新世之間安地斯山脈隆起所造成的割據種化訊號，大多數的姊妹種都是鄰域分布且沒有明顯的地理屏障。結合整體上趨緩的種化速率，此結果推測生態上的種化與適應性輻射所扮演的角色比單純的地理割據更為重要。
Abstract
Global biodiversity peaks in the tropical forests of the Andes, a striking geological feature that has likely been instrumental in generating biodiversity by providing opportunities for both vicariant and ecological speciation. However, the role of these mountains in the diversification of insects, which dominate biodiversity, has been poorly explored using phylogenetic methods. Here we study the role of the Andes in the evolution of a diverse Neotropical insect group, the clearwing butterflies. We used dated species-level phylogenies to investigate the time course of speciation and to infer ancestral elevation ranges for two diverse genera. We show that both genera likely originated at middle elevations in the Andes in the Middle Miocene, contrasting with most published results in vertebrates that point to a lowland origin. Although we detected a signature of vicariance caused by the uplift of the Andes at the Miocene–Pliocene boundary, most sister species were parapatric without any obvious vicariant barrier. Combined with an overall decelerating speciation rate, these results suggest an important role for ecological speciation and adaptive radiation, rather than simple vicariance.
M. ELIAS,*†‡ M. JORON,†§ K. WILLMOTT,¶ K. L . SILVA-BRANDÃO,**,†† V. KAISER,† C. F. ARIAS,‡‡ L. M. GOMEZ PIÑEREZ,§§ S . URIBE,§§ A. V. Z. BROWER,¶¶ A. V. L. FREITAS** and C . D. JIGGINS‡
安地斯山的熱帶森林擁有全球生物多樣性的高峰，其令人矚目的地理特色似乎可提供促進產生生物多樣性的機會，如地理割據與生態上的種化。然而，對於占生物多樣性最多比例的昆蟲，這些山脈所扮演的角色仍很少被使用親緣關係方法進行研究。作者在本文中探討安地斯山在新熱帶區高多樣性的昆蟲- 蛉蛺蝶亞科(the clearwing butterflies）演化上扮演的角色。作者使用定年的種級親緣關係去評估發生種化的年代以及推測兩個多樣化的屬的祖先分布海拔範圍。結果顯示兩個屬可能都起源自第三紀中新世中期的安地斯山中海拔地區，與對脊椎動物發表的研究成果大多起源自低海拔相反。儘管作者偵測到由上新世-中新世之間安地斯山脈隆起所造成的割據種化訊號，大多數的姊妹種都是鄰域分布且沒有明顯的地理屏障。結合整體上趨緩的種化速率，此結果推測生態上的種化與適應性輻射所扮演的角色比單純的地理割據更為重要。
Abstract
Global biodiversity peaks in the tropical forests of the Andes, a striking geological feature that has likely been instrumental in generating biodiversity by providing opportunities for both vicariant and ecological speciation. However, the role of these mountains in the diversification of insects, which dominate biodiversity, has been poorly explored using phylogenetic methods. Here we study the role of the Andes in the evolution of a diverse Neotropical insect group, the clearwing butterflies. We used dated species-level phylogenies to investigate the time course of speciation and to infer ancestral elevation ranges for two diverse genera. We show that both genera likely originated at middle elevations in the Andes in the Middle Miocene, contrasting with most published results in vertebrates that point to a lowland origin. Although we detected a signature of vicariance caused by the uplift of the Andes at the Miocene–Pliocene boundary, most sister species were parapatric without any obvious vicariant barrier. Combined with an overall decelerating speciation rate, these results suggest an important role for ecological speciation and adaptive radiation, rather than simple vicariance.
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